Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 1,730 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway317 kt (est. 18%)United States272 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan204 kt (est. 12%)Libya185 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom164 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan68 kt (est. 4%)Russia55 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins251 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported186 kt (11%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.3 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.47 Mt (85%)Netherlands101 kt (6%)Belgium63 kt (4%)Slovakia46 kt (3%)Czechia24 kt (1%)Austria13 kt (<1%)Switzerland6.5 kt (<1%)Hungary4.3 kt (<1%)United Kingdom1.8 kt (<1%)Romania1.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.73 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Hungary
- Other (5)
- Norway317 kt (est. 18%)
- United States272 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan204 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya185 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom164 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan68 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia55 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins251 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported186 kt (11%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,468,338 | 84.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 100,702 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 62,563 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 46,105 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 23,919 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 12,812 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 6,479 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 4,257 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: petrol supply | 1,820 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Germany: petrol supply | 1,787 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 286,408 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 233,600 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 202,604 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 186,219 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 175,410 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 174,118 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 148,478 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 55,828 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 41,386 | 89.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 26,394 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 22,929 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 21,339 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 17,387 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 12,919 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,986 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,739 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 11,250 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 10,514 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 10,057 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,002 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,763 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 6,479 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,179 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 5,673 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,695 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,819 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,113 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,049 | 71.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,031 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,617 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,486 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 2,172 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 1,820 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 1,447 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,219 | 9.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 974 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 842 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 714 | 156.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 674 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 654 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 628 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 534 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 361 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 324 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 270 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 235 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 232 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 225 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 209 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 177 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 130 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 127 | 52.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 100 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 81 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 81 | 12.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 64 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 61 | 33.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 44 | 9.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 30 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 0 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (186,219 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,592 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,193 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,299 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.