Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 1,966 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway382 kt (est. 19%)United States314 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom195 kt (est. 10%)Libya186 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria82 kt (est. 4%)Iraq58 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins274 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported178 kt (9%)Germany: crude not from imports54 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.69 Mt (86%)Netherlands135 kt (7%)Slovakia48 kt (2%)Belgium45 kt (2%)Czechia19 kt (<1%)Austria18 kt (<1%)Hungary3.3 kt (<1%)Romania1.8 kt (<1%)Switzerland1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.7 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.97 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Romania
- Other (5)
- Norway382 kt (est. 19%)
- United States314 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom195 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya186 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria82 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq58 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins274 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported178 kt (9%)
- Germany: crude not from imports54 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,693,453 | 86.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 134,507 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 48,475 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 45,165 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 18,652 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 18,217 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 3,288 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 347,926 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 278,214 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 185,608 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 181,679 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 177,908 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 177,901 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 175,006 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 70,857 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 54,005 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 48,475 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 44,348 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 27,806 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 23,860 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 19,708 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 15,185 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 14,041 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 13,284 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 10,574 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,078 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 9,997 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,571 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,523 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,095 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,402 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,069 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,924 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,506 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,276 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,925 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,887 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,744 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,554 | 77.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 2,481 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 2,191 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,791 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,738 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,627 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,019 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 980 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 909 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 885 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 680 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 463 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 408 | 23.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 382 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 330 | 101.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Austria | 329 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 238 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 127 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 111 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 101 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 54 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 52 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 44 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 35 | 14.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 25 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 17 | 7.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 15 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 14 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 11 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 10 | 50.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (177,908 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (54,005 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,070 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,446 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,218 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.