Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 793 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (54%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway142 kt (est. 18%)United States140 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan103 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom83 kt (est. 10%)Libya55 kt (est. 7%)Iraq47 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria37 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins100 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported32 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data15 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)300 kt (38%)Netherlands432 kt (54%)Belgium33 kt (4%)Sierra Leone15 kt (2%)France14 kt (2%)Germany: jet fuel supply793 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Sierra Leone
- France
- Norway142 kt (est. 18%)
- United States140 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan103 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom83 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq47 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria37 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins100 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported32 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 431,533 | 54.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 300,384 | 37.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 32,859 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 14,641 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,515 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 87,691 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 76,071 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 65,805 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 58,635 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 57,619 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 48,140 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 44,510 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 34,364 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 32,671 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 32,232 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 31,525 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 31,032 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 30,411 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27,035 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 20,111 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 18,029 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 14,641 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 13,583 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 12,237 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 10,216 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,902 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,701 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,978 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,718 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,755 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,701 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,468 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,099 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,722 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,710 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,553 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,545 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,494 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,320 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 888 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 769 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 654 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 397 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (32,232 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (27,035 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (14,641 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (10,216 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,718 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (654 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.