Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 1,978 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway369 kt (est. 19%)United States293 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan219 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom207 kt (est. 10%)Libya206 kt (est. 10%)Iraq91 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria79 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins248 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported181 kt (9%)Germany: crude not from imports57 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.69 Mt (85%)Netherlands200 kt (10%)Czechia26 kt (1%)Austria19 kt (<1%)Slovakia19 kt (<1%)Belgium9.1 kt (<1%)Hungary7.6 kt (<1%)Romania5.3 kt (<1%)Switzerland2.9 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.98 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Austria
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Hungary
- Romania
- Other (5)
- Norway369 kt (est. 19%)
- United States293 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan219 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom207 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya206 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq91 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria79 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins248 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported181 kt (9%)
- Germany: crude not from imports57 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,688,552 | 85.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 199,859 | 10.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 25,686 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 18,881 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 18,568 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 9,144 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 7,634 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Romania | Germany: petrol supply | 5,264 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 2,871 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 329,605 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 250,206 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 193,170 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 183,655 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 181,185 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 177,212 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 170,949 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 76,354 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 68,789 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 57,428 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 40,613 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 35,231 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 30,477 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,686 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 22,296 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 18,367 | 98.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 14,372 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 14,153 | 55.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,521 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 9,672 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 9,314 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 8,350 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 6,103 | 79.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 5,522 | 21.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,670 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,481 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 2,871 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,417 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,199 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,935 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,865 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,841 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,600 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,531 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,439 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,385 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,341 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,313 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 926 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 752 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 476 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 432 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 430 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 403 | 117.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Sweden | 395 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 352 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 297 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 201 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania | 184 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 182 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 127 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 111 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 106 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 73 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 61 | 15.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 29 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 27 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 20 | 7.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 17 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 9 | 45.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 6.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (181,185 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (57,428 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (14,304 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,664 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,898 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.