Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 935 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (50%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway164 kt (est. 18%)United States159 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom97 kt (est. 10%)Libya73 kt (est. 8%)Iraq64 kt (est. 7%)Canada46 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins129 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported32 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data14 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)397 kt (42%)Netherlands463 kt (50%)Belgium38 kt (4%)France23 kt (2%)Sierra Leone14 kt (1%)Germany: jet fuel supply935 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Norway164 kt (est. 18%)
- United States159 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom97 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya73 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq64 kt (est. 7%)
- Canada46 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins129 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported32 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 463,277 | 49.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 397,050 | 42.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 38,173 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 22,712 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,704 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 91,624 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 88,101 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 70,459 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 65,459 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 57,528 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 56,950 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 56,200 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 54,388 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 52,471 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 48,830 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 42,758 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 37,450 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 32,244 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 30,553 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27,799 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 24,570 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 13,704 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 12,512 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 10,431 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,755 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 8,877 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,407 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,322 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,215 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,555 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,601 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,244 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,745 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,864 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,406 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,369 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,000 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 691 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 411 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 336 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 88 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (32,244 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (27,799 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (13,704 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (424 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (411 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.