Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,108 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway348 kt (est. 17%)United States304 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 13%)Libya262 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom216 kt (est. 10%)Iraq128 kt (est. 6%)Canada74 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins334 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported141 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.74 Mt (82%)Netherlands235 kt (11%)Belgium52 kt (2%)Czechia30 kt (1%)Slovakia24 kt (1%)Austria19 kt (<1%)Hungary4.6 kt (<1%)Switzerland3.3 kt (<1%)United Kingdom2.2 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)Finland0.3 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.11 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Switzerland
- Other (3)
- Norway348 kt (est. 17%)
- United States304 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya262 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom216 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq128 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada74 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins334 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported141 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,736,649 | 82.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 235,366 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 51,681 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 30,336 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 24,478 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 18,521 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 4,565 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 3,274 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: petrol supply | 2,245 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 286,310 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 251,622 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 249,091 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 245,810 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 213,577 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 187,019 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 141,030 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 107,464 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 54,726 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 46,549 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 44,759 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 35,796 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 27,632 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 26,658 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 24,109 | 98.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 19,026 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 15,901 | 52.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 15,523 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,123 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13,206 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 12,019 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,715 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,559 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,414 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,433 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 5,300 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 4,745 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 4,256 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 3,717 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,523 | 77.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,451 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 3,274 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,002 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 2,523 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 2,245 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,853 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,588 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,185 | 6.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 935 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 783 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 579 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 455 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 369 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 354 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 259 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 235 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 126 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 98 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 88 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 46 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 12 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 10 | 3.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (141,030 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (15,763 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,485 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,519 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.