Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 953 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (48%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway167 kt (est. 17%)United States164 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan121 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom103 kt (est. 11%)Libya79 kt (est. 8%)Iraq65 kt (est. 7%)Brazil36 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins142 kt (est. 15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported35 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)419 kt (44%)Netherlands461 kt (48%)Belgium43 kt (5%)France20 kt (2%)Sierra Leone11 kt (1%)Germany: jet fuel supply953 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Norway167 kt (est. 17%)
- United States164 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan121 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom103 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya79 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq65 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil36 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins142 kt (est. 15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported35 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 460,647 | 48.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 418,627 | 43.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 43,043 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 19,933 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 11,123 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 103,114 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 78,238 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 76,865 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 66,793 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 66,062 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 56,292 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 55,640 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 55,380 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 54,544 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 50,825 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 47,419 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 37,619 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 35,439 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 32,743 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 28,046 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 25,979 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14,192 | 33.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 11,123 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,326 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,246 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 7,018 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,511 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,040 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,965 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,358 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,530 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,386 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,358 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 1,258 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,119 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,112 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,076 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 791 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 610 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 604 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 502 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 250 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (35,439 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (28,046 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (11,123 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (860 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (791 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.