Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,028 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), Libya (14%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway361 kt (est. 18%)Libya286 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan266 kt (est. 13%)United States251 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom218 kt (est. 11%)Iraq123 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan60 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins319 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported118 kt (6%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.76 Mt (87%)Netherlands155 kt (8%)Slovakia39 kt (2%)Czechia30 kt (1%)Austria14 kt (<1%)Switzerland13 kt (<1%)Belgium11 kt (<1%)Hungary2.2 kt (<1%)Sweden0.9 kt (<1%)Finland0.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.2 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.03 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Belgium
- Hungary
- Other (4)
- Norway361 kt (est. 18%)
- Libya286 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan266 kt (est. 13%)
- United States251 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom218 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq123 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan60 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins319 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported118 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,762,877 | 86.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 154,664 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 38,963 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 30,055 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 13,822 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 12,986 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 11,117 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 2,199 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 323,685 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 281,273 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 238,781 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 233,209 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 214,027 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 199,686 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 118,105 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 109,400 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 44,711 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 38,505 | 98.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 34,621 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,675 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 26,269 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 18,900 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 18,313 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 13,829 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 12,986 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 12,631 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,899 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Czechia | 7,501 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 6,788 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,070 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,715 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,656 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,667 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,617 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,356 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,947 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,872 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,700 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,682 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 773 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 749 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 521 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 458 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 441 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 427 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 401 | 77.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Belgium | 351 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 336 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 278 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 239 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 202 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 193 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 163 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 158 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 156 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 122 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 106 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 81 | 15.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 39 | 7.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 35 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 10 | 49.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 10 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 7 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 1 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (118,105 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (13,188 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,578 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,577 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.