Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,488 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), Libya (14%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway556 kt (est. 16%)Libya481 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan462 kt (est. 13%)United States422 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom346 kt (est. 10%)Iraq193 kt (est. 6%)Canada113 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins492 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported173 kt (5%)United States: no crude data124 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data90 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported34 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.66 Mt (76%)Netherlands366 kt (10%)Belgium209 kt (6%)United States124 kt (4%)Kuwait90 kt (3%)Sweden23 kt (<1%)Czechia7.4 kt (<1%)Denmark4.9 kt (<1%)Austria4.9 kt (<1%)France0.9 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.49 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Kuwait
- Sweden
- Czechia
- Denmark
- Other (3)
- Norway556 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya481 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan462 kt (est. 13%)
- United States422 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom346 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq193 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada113 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins492 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported173 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data124 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data90 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported34 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,657,572 | 76.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 365,924 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 209,370 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 124,108 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 89,732 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 22,979 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 7,411 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,942 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,886 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 473,170 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 435,925 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 370,967 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 346,796 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 316,388 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 291,720 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 172,639 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 156,561 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 124,108 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 93,408 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 89,732 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 74,465 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 71,461 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 61,490 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 57,918 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 47,814 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 46,614 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 42,084 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 40,014 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 32,528 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 30,417 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 28,776 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 12,240 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 10,136 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 9,236 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,833 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 6,930 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 4,206 | 56.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,630 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 3,534 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,316 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,260 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,826 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,473 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 2,201 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 1,809 | 36.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 1,801 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,408 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,203 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,004 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 533 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 420 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 329 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 317 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 210 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 201 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 145 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 129 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 121 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 117 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 81 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | France | 71 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 66 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 47 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Austria | 37 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 15 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 7 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (172,639 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (124,108 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (89,732 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (33,773 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,348 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (47 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.