Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 989 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (50%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States157 kt (est. 16%)Norway156 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan133 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom104 kt (est. 10%)Libya79 kt (est. 8%)Iraq71 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria43 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins161 kt (est. 16%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported41 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)412 kt (42%)Netherlands493 kt (50%)Belgium35 kt (4%)France32 kt (3%)Sierra Leone16 kt (2%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply989 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Luxembourg
- United States157 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway156 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan133 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom104 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya79 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq71 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria43 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins161 kt (est. 16%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported41 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 493,308 | 49.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 412,339 | 41.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 35,250 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 31,928 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 15,659 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 96,338 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 83,549 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 78,080 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 73,415 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 67,636 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 64,459 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 59,817 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 57,558 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 56,735 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 49,090 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 45,262 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 43,851 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 41,006 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 29,290 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 26,786 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 24,291 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 15,659 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,376 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 8,483 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,848 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,688 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 7,010 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,737 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,845 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,239 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4,067 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,364 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,470 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,317 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,683 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,487 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,167 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 558 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 549 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 528 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 246 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 99 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (41,006 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (26,786 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (15,659 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,077 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (99 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.