Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,088 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), Libya (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway343 kt (est. 16%)Libya323 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan291 kt (est. 14%)United States257 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom223 kt (est. 11%)Iraq125 kt (est. 6%)Canada69 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins322 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported117 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported17 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.3 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.80 Mt (86%)Netherlands202 kt (10%)Slovakia23 kt (1%)Czechia20 kt (<1%)Austria17 kt (<1%)Sweden14 kt (<1%)Belgium8.5 kt (<1%)Hungary2.2 kt (<1%)Finland0.6 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.3 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.09 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Austria
- Sweden
- Belgium
- Hungary
- Other (3)
- Norway343 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya323 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan291 kt (est. 14%)
- United States257 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom223 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq125 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada69 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins322 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported117 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported17 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,800,833 | 86.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 201,903 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 22,879 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 20,127 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 16,503 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: petrol supply | 13,961 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 8,498 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 2,200 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 320,631 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 295,393 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 251,376 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 234,997 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 214,392 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 197,676 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 116,984 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 106,089 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 63,295 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 41,087 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 39,430 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 31,957 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 26,382 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 23,221 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 22,861 | 99.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 17,948 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 16,783 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 11,422 | 56.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,353 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 7,436 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 5,978 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 5,096 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 4,755 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,727 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,496 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,205 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,147 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,892 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,823 | 82.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,801 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,717 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,624 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,168 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 708 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 489 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 411 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 399 | 72.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 359 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 281 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 273 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 255 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 253 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 200 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 197 | 9.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 180 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 135 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 132 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Austria | 123 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 112 | 20.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 40 | 7.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 10 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 7 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 1 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 1 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Poland | 1 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 0 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (116,984 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17,189 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,124 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (253 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.