Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 964 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (51%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway162 kt (est. 17%)United States153 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan135 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom91 kt (est. 9%)Libya71 kt (est. 7%)Iraq64 kt (est. 7%)Brazil52 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins161 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported36 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported23 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)391 kt (41%)Netherlands493 kt (51%)Belgium40 kt (4%)France26 kt (3%)Sierra Leone9.6 kt (<1%)Switzerland3.2 kt (<1%)Austria1.2 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply964 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Switzerland
- Austria
- Norway162 kt (est. 17%)
- United States153 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan135 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom91 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya71 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq64 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil52 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins161 kt (est. 17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported36 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported23 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 493,097 | 51.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 391,331 | 40.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 39,914 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 25,752 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 9,556 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: jet fuel supply | 3,197 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: jet fuel supply | 1,195 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 92,937 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 85,832 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 73,150 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 69,918 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 68,280 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 67,683 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 65,807 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 53,135 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 49,524 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 47,629 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 47,571 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 41,507 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 39,863 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 36,198 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 22,843 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 21,170 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,494 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 9,556 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 8,921 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,013 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,854 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,348 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,928 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,726 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 3,197 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,448 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,338 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,307 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,098 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,591 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,500 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 1,385 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,016 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 643 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 641 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 515 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 428 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 382 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 317 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 185 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 95 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 46 | 3.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 20 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Austria | 9 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (36,198 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (22,843 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12,753 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,546 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,353 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.