Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 1,975 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), Libya (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway336 kt (est. 17%)Libya297 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan276 kt (est. 14%)United States256 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom201 kt (est. 10%)Iraq109 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria88 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins295 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported99 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.69 Mt (86%)Netherlands206 kt (10%)Czechia30 kt (1%)Belgium18 kt (<1%)Austria15 kt (<1%)Slovakia5.1 kt (<1%)Hungary3.2 kt (<1%)Switzerland2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Romania0.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.7 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.97 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Switzerland
- Other (5)
- Norway336 kt (est. 17%)
- Libya297 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan276 kt (est. 14%)
- United States256 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom201 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq109 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria88 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins295 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported99 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,694,023 | 85.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 205,563 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 29,533 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 18,074 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 15,195 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 5,118 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 3,176 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 1,999 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 295,574 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 284,868 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 230,013 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 223,835 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 214,382 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 179,677 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 98,882 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 91,642 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 75,149 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 38,744 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 38,719 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 35,782 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 29,147 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 19,831 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 16,618 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 15,090 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 14,923 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 11,632 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 10,075 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,181 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,609 | 31.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 4,858 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,755 | 92.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,535 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,040 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,556 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,492 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,231 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 1,999 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,202 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 950 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 704 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 587 | 3.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 505 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 460 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 408 | 53.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 406 | 109.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Sweden | 390 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 363 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 290 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 252 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 233 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 193 | 25.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 179 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 143 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Austria | 114 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 102 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 100 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 92 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 88 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 83 | 18.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 69 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 55 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 35 | 59.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 24 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 14 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (98,882 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (15,802 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,142 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,411 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.