Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 900 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (47%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway149 kt (est. 17%)United States145 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 8%)Libya67 kt (est. 7%)Iraq52 kt (est. 6%)Brazil46 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins145 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (3%)Switzerland: no crude data14 kt (2%)Sierra Leone: no crude data12 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports9.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)388 kt (43%)Netherlands426 kt (47%)Belgium40 kt (4%)France19 kt (2%)Switzerland14 kt (2%)Sierra Leone12 kt (1%)Germany: jet fuel supply900 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Switzerland
- Sierra Leone
- Norway149 kt (est. 17%)
- United States145 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya67 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq52 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil46 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins145 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (3%)
- Switzerland: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports9.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 426,398 | 47.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 388,424 | 43.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 39,798 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 19,043 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,699 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 12,317 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Netherlands | 87,488 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 83,501 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 66,753 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 65,444 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 63,881 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 62,548 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 54,665 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 51,624 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 50,780 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 40,853 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 36,121 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 34,750 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 28,865 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 27,013 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,365 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 22,724 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 13,699 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 12,317 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,932 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,160 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 9,149 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,418 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,338 | 28.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,001 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,459 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,163 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,063 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,351 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 2,301 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,831 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,723 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,403 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,388 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 722 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 461 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 432 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 431 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 259 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 209 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 99 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (28,865 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (26,365 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Switzerland: no crude data (13,699 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (12,317 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (9,149 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,163 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (689 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.