Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,114 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (14%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Norway (14%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya307 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan305 kt (est. 14%)Norway299 kt (est. 14%)United States289 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom188 kt (est. 9%)Iraq121 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria96 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins312 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported135 kt (6%)Germany: crude not from imports43 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.81 Mt (86%)Netherlands229 kt (11%)Czechia28 kt (1%)Belgium21 kt (1%)Austria8.5 kt (<1%)Hungary5.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia4.0 kt (<1%)Romania2.6 kt (<1%)Switzerland2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.9 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.11 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Hungary
- Slovakia
- Romania
- Other (4)
- Libya307 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan305 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway299 kt (est. 14%)
- United States289 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom188 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq121 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria96 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins312 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported135 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude not from imports43 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,812,400 | 85.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 228,606 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 28,097 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 21,243 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 8,530 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 5,113 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 4,033 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Germany: petrol supply | 2,552 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 305,363 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 255,067 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 240,878 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 239,936 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 236,943 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 168,540 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 134,684 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 106,030 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 82,270 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 46,905 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 44,767 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 42,689 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 42,199 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 34,249 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 18,631 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 14,482 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,135 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 13,602 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 13,237 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 9,057 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,592 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,438 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,889 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,519 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,033 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,959 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,656 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,669 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,570 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 1,998 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,635 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,464 | 57.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 964 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 920 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 760 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 697 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 696 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 649 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 483 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 443 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 414 | 16.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 316 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 266 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 246 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 231 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 217 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 191 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 138 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 127 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 78 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 76 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 67 | 12.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Austria | 66 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 40 | 7.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Iraq | Austria | 30 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 26 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (134,684 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (42,689 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (15,770 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,314 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,898 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.