Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 892 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (48%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway159 kt (est. 18%)United States150 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan125 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom72 kt (est. 8%)Libya56 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria48 kt (est. 5%)Iraq47 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins148 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)382 kt (43%)Netherlands427 kt (48%)Belgium44 kt (5%)France21 kt (2%)Sierra Leone13 kt (1%)Switzerland3.5 kt (<1%)Austria1.2 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply892 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Switzerland
- Austria
- Norway159 kt (est. 18%)
- United States150 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan125 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom72 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya56 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria48 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq47 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins148 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 426,826 | 47.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 382,329 | 42.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 44,305 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 21,188 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 12,688 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: jet fuel supply | 3,494 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: jet fuel supply | 1,164 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Netherlands | 93,368 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 89,259 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 76,445 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 60,049 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 54,035 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 52,977 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 52,893 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 52,072 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 51,748 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 36,936 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 34,478 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 31,435 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 24,961 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 24,766 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 23,499 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 22,128 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 19,279 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14,020 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 12,688 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,274 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 8,827 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,039 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,213 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,075 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,109 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,631 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,606 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 3,494 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,336 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,225 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,586 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,569 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,541 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 865 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 650 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 592 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 519 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 265 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 137 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 95 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 85 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 79 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 62 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 50 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 32 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (31,435 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (24,766 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (12,688 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,989 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,663 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,494 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.