Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,156 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (15%), Kazakhstan (14%) and the United States (14%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway314 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan311 kt (est. 14%)United States295 kt (est. 14%)Libya267 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom195 kt (est. 9%)Iraq118 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria106 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins319 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported154 kt (7%)Germany: crude not from imports43 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.7 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.87 Mt (87%)Netherlands167 kt (8%)Belgium57 kt (3%)Czechia20 kt (<1%)Austria18 kt (<1%)Switzerland14 kt (<1%)Romania7.3 kt (<1%)Hungary3.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Finland0.6 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.2 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.16 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Romania
- Hungary
- Other (4)
- Norway314 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan311 kt (est. 14%)
- United States295 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya267 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom195 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq118 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria106 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins319 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported154 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude not from imports43 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,868,060 | 86.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 166,716 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 56,566 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 20,427 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 18,232 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 14,292 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Germany: petrol supply | 7,280 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 2,997 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 264,016 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 258,845 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 258,435 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 254,423 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 252,839 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 180,468 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 153,589 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 108,118 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 94,198 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 43,128 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 36,469 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 34,864 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,859 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23,455 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 17,900 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 14,292 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 13,467 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,118 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,263 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 10,184 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 9,750 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,673 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,179 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 8,997 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,655 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,636 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Czechia | 4,466 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 4,145 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,140 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 3,852 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 2,825 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,141 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,138 | 71.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,004 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,105 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,007 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 1,002 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 972 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 862 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 790 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 662 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania | 557 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 550 | 67.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 469 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 467 | 77.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 390 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 155 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Sweden | 142 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 121 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 101 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 78 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 67 | 11.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 57 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 46 | 7.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 33 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 33 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 26 | 4.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (153,589 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (43,128 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,447 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (14,310 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,675 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.