Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,116 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), Kazakhstan (15%) and the United States (14%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway333 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan313 kt (est. 15%)United States291 kt (est. 14%)Libya283 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom203 kt (est. 10%)Iraq110 kt (est. 5%)Canada69 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins279 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported183 kt (9%)Germany: crude not from imports30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.89 Mt (89%)Netherlands151 kt (7%)Belgium36 kt (2%)Czechia22 kt (1%)Austria12 kt (<1%)Sweden1.3 kt (<1%)Switzerland1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)Romania0.8 kt (<1%)Finland0.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.3 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.12 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Hungary
- Other (4)
- Norway333 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan313 kt (est. 15%)
- United States291 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya283 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom203 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq110 kt (est. 5%)
- Canada69 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins279 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported183 kt (9%)
- Germany: crude not from imports30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,890,569 | 89.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 150,683 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 35,721 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 22,262 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 11,689 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 291,751 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 281,006 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 272,914 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 251,940 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 227,616 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 189,832 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 183,177 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 100,001 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 62,460 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 33,629 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 29,871 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 27,055 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 25,609 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 22,078 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 12,846 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 11,874 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,239 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,730 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,825 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 8,784 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 6,461 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,273 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 5,509 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 5,401 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,903 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,479 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 3,943 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,387 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,966 | 8.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,785 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,648 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 1,330 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 1,121 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 1,004 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 902 | 67.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 705 | 71.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 674 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 588 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 339 | 74.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 319 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 307 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 247 | 24.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 206 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 197 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 190 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 136 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 87 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 63 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 59 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 55 | 12.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 47 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 41 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 40 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 39 | 8.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 20 | 4.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
9 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (183,177 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (29,871 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,116 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,448 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,210 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.