Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,189 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), Kazakhstan (16%) and the United States (15%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway350 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan345 kt (est. 16%)United States324 kt (est. 15%)Libya295 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom224 kt (est. 10%)Iraq93 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria69 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins257 kt (est. 12%)Germany: crude origin not reported188 kt (9%)Germany: crude not from imports24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.94 Mt (89%)Netherlands177 kt (8%)Czechia25 kt (1%)Belgium20 kt (<1%)Austria15 kt (<1%)Switzerland8.3 kt (<1%)Sweden0.4 kt (<1%)Finland0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (<1%)Slovakialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.19 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Sweden
- Finland
- Other (3)
- Norway350 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan345 kt (est. 16%)
- United States324 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya295 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom224 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq93 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria69 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins257 kt (est. 12%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported188 kt (9%)
- Germany: crude not from imports24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,942,663 | 88.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 176,523 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 25,140 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 20,080 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 15,352 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 8,283 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 308,112 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 302,458 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 291,744 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 276,717 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 209,481 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 209,171 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 187,526 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 76,446 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 57,073 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 43,316 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 31,536 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 25,644 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 24,061 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 23,933 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 14,858 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 14,198 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 13,979 | 55.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 11,288 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 10,267 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 9,204 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 8,283 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,636 | 33.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 5,475 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,727 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,635 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,457 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,450 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,414 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,971 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 1,404 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,354 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,051 | 4.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,038 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 474 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 359 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 299 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 289 | 71.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 185 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 176 | 71.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 68 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 34 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 31 | 12.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 30 | 12.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 22 | 94.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 12 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 9 | 3.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Spain | 3 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 1 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Spain | 1 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 0 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (187,526 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (23,933 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,267 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,468 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,411 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.