Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Germany's petrol supply was 1,768 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), Kazakhstan (16%) and the United States (15%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway312 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan277 kt (est. 16%)United States273 kt (est. 15%)Libya257 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom174 kt (est. 10%)Guyana57 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria52 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins228 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported108 kt (6%)Germany: crude not from imports25 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.64 Mt (93%)Netherlands77 kt (4%)Czechia24 kt (1%)Belgium15 kt (<1%)Austria12 kt (<1%)Sweden0.4 kt (<1%)Finland0.3 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.77 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Sweden
- Finland
- United Kingdom
- Norway312 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan277 kt (est. 16%)
- United States273 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya257 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom174 kt (est. 10%)
- Guyana57 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria52 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins228 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported108 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude not from imports25 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,638,857 | 92.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 77,160 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 24,396 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 15,194 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 11,755 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 284,037 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 258,496 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 254,182 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 249,697 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 190,811 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 166,986 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 107,755 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 54,729 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 47,266 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 24,897 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 19,936 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 18,712 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 15,120 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 14,086 | 57.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,235 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 7,369 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,969 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 5,174 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,535 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,313 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,032 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,156 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,941 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,778 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,950 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,813 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,728 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,510 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 1,141 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,041 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 972 | 8.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 843 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 516 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 445 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 274 | 80.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Sweden | 259 | 60.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 190 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 110 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 47 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 41 | 12.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 24 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 13 | 3.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 13 | 3.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 11 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (107,755 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (24,897 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,313 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (972 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (24 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.