Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Germany's jet fuel supply was 711 kt: 50% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (42%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States147 kt (est. 21%)Norway132 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan82 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom65 kt (est. 9%)Libya55 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 5%)Iraq28 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins121 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)359 kt (50%)Netherlands296 kt (42%)Belgium40 kt (6%)France17 kt (2%)Germany: jet fuel supply711 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- United States147 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway132 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan82 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom65 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq28 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins121 kt (est. 17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 358,790 | 50.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 295,668 | 41.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 39,681 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 16,802 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 74,969 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 63,485 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 62,924 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 57,663 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 54,380 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 53,492 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 49,502 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 45,949 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 39,703 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 23,573 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23,511 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,444 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 20,141 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 18,437 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,005 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 12,377 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 12,313 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 10,684 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,692 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,532 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 5,753 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,404 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,160 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,893 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,460 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,014 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,906 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,875 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,627 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,256 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,194 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 979 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 969 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 267 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 187 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 128 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 95 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (21,444 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (12,313 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (10,684 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (362 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (187 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.