Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Germany's petrol supply was 1,676 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States275 kt (est. 16%)Norway266 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan244 kt (est. 15%)Libya214 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom178 kt (est. 11%)Guyana107 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria60 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins227 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports45 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.52 Mt (91%)Netherlands101 kt (6%)Czechia22 kt (1%)Belgium16 kt (<1%)Austria12 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)Finland0.2 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.68 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Sweden
- Finland
- United States275 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway266 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan244 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya214 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom178 kt (est. 11%)
- Guyana107 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria60 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins227 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports45 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,523,531 | 90.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 100,889 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 22,169 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 16,398 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 12,425 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 244,856 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 230,913 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 227,143 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 210,199 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 187,049 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 168,593 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 104,570 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 52,557 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 52,283 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 45,368 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 25,581 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 22,552 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,663 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 12,421 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,044 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,023 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,317 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Czechia | 7,000 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,291 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,374 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,549 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,526 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,748 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,733 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,376 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,801 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,430 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,419 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,378 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 1,265 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,245 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 1,092 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 861 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 673 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 481 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 408 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 191 | 79.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 162 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 83 | 11.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 76 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 39 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 34 | 14.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 15 | 6.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (52,283 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (45,368 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,317 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (983 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.