Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Germany's petrol supply was 1,707 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway317 kt (est. 19%)United States281 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan204 kt (est. 12%)Libya184 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom181 kt (est. 11%)Guyana149 kt (est. 9%)Canada60 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins285 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude not from imports37 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.55 Mt (91%)Netherlands103 kt (6%)Czechia22 kt (1%)Belgium20 kt (1%)Austria14 kt (<1%)Sweden1.1 kt (<1%)Finland0.4 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.71 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Sweden
- Finland
- United Kingdom
- Norway317 kt (est. 19%)
- United States281 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan204 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya184 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom181 kt (est. 11%)
- Guyana149 kt (est. 9%)
- Canada60 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins285 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude not from imports37 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,546,304 | 90.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 102,917 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 21,699 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 20,479 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 14,327 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 280,217 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 252,873 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 233,607 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 189,889 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 180,177 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 168,546 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 146,408 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 57,649 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 36,939 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 30,187 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 23,209 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 22,739 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 14,129 | 65.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,514 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,696 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,618 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,178 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 5,316 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,799 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,053 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,715 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,653 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,473 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,254 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 1,842 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,714 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,622 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,432 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 1,294 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,193 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,182 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 729 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 680 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 539 | 49.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 333 | 30.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 305 | 83.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Canada | Belgium | 202 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 145 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 35 | 9.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 32 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 32 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 26 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Guyana | Finland | 15 | 4.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 12 | 3.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (36,939 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,696 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,622 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (26 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.