Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Germany's jet fuel supply was 867 kt: 53% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (40%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway171 kt (est. 20%)United States152 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan101 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom87 kt (est. 10%)Guyana51 kt (est. 6%)Libya47 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins167 kt (est. 19%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports22 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)455 kt (53%)Netherlands351 kt (40%)Belgium42 kt (5%)France18 kt (2%)Luxembourg0.6 kt (<1%)Switzerland0.4 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply867 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Luxembourg
- Switzerland
- Norway171 kt (est. 20%)
- United States152 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan101 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom87 kt (est. 10%)
- Guyana51 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya47 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins167 kt (est. 19%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports22 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 455,378 | 52.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 350,854 | 40.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 42,047 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 17,714 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 79,052 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 77,340 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 76,739 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 76,341 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 71,006 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 70,221 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 58,525 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 48,758 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 48,181 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 42,072 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 34,917 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 34,389 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 29,923 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 21,807 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 21,525 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 16,220 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 11,735 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,382 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,889 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,187 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,843 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,675 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,701 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,568 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,176 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,516 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 2,372 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,896 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,275 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 672 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 561 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Belgium | 467 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 395 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 366 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 257 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,923 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (21,807 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (561 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (395 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (366 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.