Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Germany's petrol supply was 1,756 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway303 kt (est. 17%)United States272 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan227 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom185 kt (est. 11%)Guyana173 kt (est. 10%)Libya151 kt (est. 9%)Canada68 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins290 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude not from imports77 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.60 Mt (91%)Netherlands97 kt (6%)Belgium25 kt (1%)Czechia14 kt (<1%)Austria13 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Finland0.4 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.76 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Sweden
- Finland
- United Kingdom
- Norway303 kt (est. 17%)
- United States272 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan227 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom185 kt (est. 11%)
- Guyana173 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya151 kt (est. 9%)
- Canada68 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins290 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude not from imports77 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,604,949 | 91.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 97,226 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 24,576 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 14,489 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 12,852 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 270,462 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 248,162 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 247,489 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 206,268 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 171,844 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 169,809 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 148,280 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 76,859 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 65,775 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,157 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,155 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 19,677 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 9,676 | 66.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,676 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,530 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,481 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,292 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 5,790 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,483 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,730 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,733 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,401 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,085 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,777 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,714 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 1,703 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,574 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,409 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,386 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 1,044 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,026 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 838 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 699 | 5.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 541 | 53.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 429 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 405 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 276 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 273 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 262 | 72.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 113 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 70 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 61 | 16.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 30 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 29 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 25 | 6.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 20 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Finland | 15 | 4.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (76,859 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,292 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,537 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (70 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.