Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Germany's jet fuel supply was 944 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (40%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (20%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States193 kt (est. 20%)Norway189 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan115 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom87 kt (est. 9%)Libya48 kt (est. 5%)Guyana42 kt (est. 4%)Brazil33 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins195 kt (est. 21%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)478 kt (51%)Netherlands382 kt (40%)Belgium55 kt (6%)France28 kt (3%)Switzerland0.4 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply944 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Switzerland
- United States193 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway189 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan115 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom87 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya48 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana42 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil33 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins195 kt (est. 21%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 478,069 | 50.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 382,256 | 40.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 55,103 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 28,095 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 93,728 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 93,508 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 87,726 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 86,834 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 85,382 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 73,374 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 65,805 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 49,000 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 42,042 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 38,192 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 36,401 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 32,649 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 27,801 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,898 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 19,700 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 14,503 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,260 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,827 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,519 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,322 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,733 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,321 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,494 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,679 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 3,355 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 2,804 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,707 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,511 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,406 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1,264 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 646 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 436 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 401 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 397 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 296 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (26,898 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (14,503 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (697 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (397 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.