Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 619 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (34%), Kazakhstan (26%) and Libya (14%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq209 kt (est. 34%)Kazakhstan160 kt (est. 26%)Libya89 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia36 kt (est. 6%)Egypt22 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 3%)Norway13 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (4%)Greece: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)Kazakhstan: no crude data7.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)587 kt (95%)United Kingdom25 kt (4%)Kazakhstan7.6 kt (1%)Greece: road diesel supply619 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Kazakhstan
- Iraq209 kt (est. 34%)
- Kazakhstan160 kt (est. 26%)
- Libya89 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia36 kt (est. 6%)
- Egypt22 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway13 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins25 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data7.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
159.8 thousand tonnes
est. 26% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported160 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)160 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 586,581 | 94.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 24,684 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece: road diesel supply | 7,586 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 208,626 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 159,757 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 88,589 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 36,105 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 25,231 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 24,684 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 22,277 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 16,230 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 12,900 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 12,473 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 7,586 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 4,394 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (24,684 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (12,473 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (7,586 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,394 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.