Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 579 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (25%), Iraq (24%) and Libya (9%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan143 kt (est. 25%)Iraq140 kt (est. 24%)Libya55 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia51 kt (est. 9%)Norway44 kt (est. 8%)Egypt31 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom: no crude data31 kt (5%)Egypt: no crude data28 kt (5%)Greece: crude origin not reported7.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)511 kt (88%)United Kingdom31 kt (5%)Egypt28 kt (5%)Romania5.1 kt (<1%)Switzerland5.0 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply579 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Egypt
- Romania
- Switzerland
- Kazakhstan143 kt (est. 25%)
- Iraq140 kt (est. 24%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia51 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway44 kt (est. 8%)
- Egypt31 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data31 kt (5%)
- Egypt: no crude data28 kt (5%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported7.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2024)
55.0 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported55 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)55 kt (est. 100%)
- Romania0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 510,555 | 88.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 30,924 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Greece: road diesel supply | 27,740 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Greece: road diesel supply | 5,101 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Greece: road diesel supply | 5,018 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 141,221 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 140,450 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 54,837 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 51,270 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 43,718 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 31,006 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 30,924 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 28,200 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 27,740 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 12,466 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 7,388 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 5,018 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,068 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,141 | 22.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 802 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 464 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Romania | 339 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 158 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 130 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (30,924 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (27,740 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (7,388 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,018 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,141 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (464 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.