Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 716 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (31%), Kazakhstan (22%) and Libya (15%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq223 kt (est. 31%)Kazakhstan157 kt (est. 22%)Libya105 kt (est. 15%)Norway43 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 6%)Egypt18 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire6.8 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (6%)Greece: crude not from imports33 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data23 kt (3%)United Kingdom: no crude data12 kt (2%)Greece (own refineries)641 kt (89%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (6%)Türkiye23 kt (3%)United Kingdom12 kt (2%)Greece: road diesel supply716 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- United Kingdom
- Iraq223 kt (est. 31%)
- Kazakhstan157 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya105 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway43 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 6%)
- Egypt18 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire6.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (6%)
- Greece: crude not from imports33 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data23 kt (3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data12 kt (2%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
43.2 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported43 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Greece (own refineries)43 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 641,218 | 89.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: road diesel supply | 40,444 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Greece: road diesel supply | 22,688 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 12,107 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 223,451 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 156,510 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 104,908 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 43,247 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 42,747 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 40,444 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 32,854 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 22,688 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 18,087 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Greece (own refineries) | 12,572 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 12,107 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Greece (own refineries) | 6,843 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (40,444 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (32,854 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (22,688 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (12,107 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.