Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 714 kt: 89% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (27%), Kazakhstan (19%) and Libya (9%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq192 kt (est. 27%)Kazakhstan137 kt (est. 19%)Libya64 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia55 kt (est. 8%)Egypt50 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 7%)Norway19 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria16 kt (est. 2%)Greece: crude not from imports36 kt (5%)Israel: no crude data28 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (4%)Greece: crude origin not reported18 kt (3%)Egypt: no crude data15 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data8.2 kt (1%)Greece (own refineries)637 kt (89%)Israel28 kt (4%)United Kingdom25 kt (4%)Egypt15 kt (2%)Türkiye8.2 kt (1%)Greece: road diesel supply714 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Israel
- United Kingdom
- Egypt
- Türkiye
- Iraq192 kt (est. 27%)
- Kazakhstan137 kt (est. 19%)
- Libya64 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia55 kt (est. 8%)
- Egypt50 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria16 kt (est. 2%)
- Greece: crude not from imports36 kt (5%)
- Israel: no crude data28 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported18 kt (3%)
- Egypt: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data8.2 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2024)
19.2 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported19 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)19 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 636,728 | 89.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Israel | Greece: road diesel supply | 28,498 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 24,997 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Greece: road diesel supply | 15,397 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Greece: road diesel supply | 8,208 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 192,227 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 136,989 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 63,786 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 54,693 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 50,346 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 49,084 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 35,652 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 28,498 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 24,997 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 19,182 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 18,459 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece (own refineries) | 16,310 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 15,397 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 8,208 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Greece: crude not from imports (35,652 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Israel: no crude data (28,498 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (24,997 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (18,459 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (15,397 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (8,208 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.