Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Greece's road diesel supply was 682 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (36%), Kazakhstan (24%) and Libya (10%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq244 kt (est. 36%)Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 24%)Libya67 kt (est. 10%)Egypt34 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia29 kt (est. 4%)United Arab Emirates9.7 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data47 kt (7%)Turkmenistan: no crude data30 kt (4%)Kazakhstan: no crude data15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.6 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)587 kt (86%)United Arab Emirates47 kt (7%)Turkmenistan30 kt (4%)Kazakhstan15 kt (2%)Israel3.6 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply682 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Turkmenistan
- Kazakhstan
- Israel
- Iraq244 kt (est. 36%)
- Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 24%)
- Libya67 kt (est. 10%)
- Egypt34 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia29 kt (est. 4%)
- United Arab Emirates9.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data47 kt (7%)
- Turkmenistan: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jul 2023)
587.4 thousand tonnes
86% of Greece's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Iraq244 kt (est. 42%)
- Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 28%)
- Libya67 kt (est. 11%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 587,410 | 86.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece: road diesel supply | 46,784 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Turkmenistan | Greece: road diesel supply | 29,999 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece: road diesel supply | 14,669 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Greece: road diesel supply | 3,570 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 244,412 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 162,258 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 66,954 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 46,784 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 34,425 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Turkmenistan: no crude data | Turkmenistan | 29,999 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 29,803 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 29,329 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 14,669 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 10,557 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece (own refineries) | 9,672 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 3,570 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (46,784 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Turkmenistan: no crude data (29,999 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (14,669 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,570 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.