Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Greece's road diesel supply was 809 kt: 90% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (38%), Kazakhstan (21%) and Libya (15%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq308 kt (est. 38%)Kazakhstan173 kt (est. 21%)Libya118 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia45 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 3%)Egypt20 kt (est. 2%)Norway18 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins2.2 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data42 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data38 kt (5%)Greece: crude not from imports20 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)724 kt (90%)Saudi Arabia42 kt (5%)United Kingdom38 kt (5%)Belgium3.8 kt (<1%)India1.1 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply809 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- India
- Iraq308 kt (est. 38%)
- Kazakhstan173 kt (est. 21%)
- Libya118 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabia45 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 3%)
- Egypt20 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway18 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data42 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data38 kt (5%)
- Greece: crude not from imports20 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2025)
44.9 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported45 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)45 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 723,734 | 89.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: road diesel supply | 41,613 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 38,350 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Greece: road diesel supply | 3,810 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Greece: road diesel supply | 1,116 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 307,614 | 42.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 172,416 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 117,707 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 44,868 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 41,613 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 38,350 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 24,451 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 20,272 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 19,675 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 16,731 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,201 | 57.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 1,116 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 897 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 656 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 57 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (41,613 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (38,350 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (20,272 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,116 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.