Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Greece's road diesel supply was 671 kt: 92% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (44%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Libya (9%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kazakhstan
- Cyprus
- Iraq295 kt (est. 44%)
- Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya59 kt (est. 9%)
- Egypt29 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 4%)
- United States19 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins43 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported27 kt (4%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data25 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude not from imports10.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2023)
26.6 thousand tonnes
4% of Greece's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)27 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 615,646 | 91.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece: road diesel supply | 25,358 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 294,501 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 93,743 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 58,971 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 43,473 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 29,484 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 26,607 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 25,358 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 25,088 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece (own refineries) | 19,394 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 14,431 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 9,954 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Cyprus | 37 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (26,607 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (25,358 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (9,954 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (37 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.