Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 794 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (28%), Kazakhstan (22%) and Libya (17%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq221 kt (est. 28%)Kazakhstan171 kt (est. 22%)Libya132 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia95 kt (est. 12%)Norway29 kt (est. 4%)Egypt20 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom: no crude data47 kt (6%)Egypt: no crude data24 kt (3%)Greece: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)709 kt (89%)United Kingdom47 kt (6%)Egypt24 kt (3%)Netherlands6.4 kt (<1%)Türkiye4.2 kt (<1%)India2.8 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply794 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Egypt
- Netherlands
- Türkiye
- India
- Iraq221 kt (est. 28%)
- Kazakhstan171 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya132 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia95 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway29 kt (est. 4%)
- Egypt20 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data47 kt (6%)
- Egypt: no crude data24 kt (3%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
15.2 thousand tonnes
2% of Greece's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)15 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 709,396 | 89.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 46,716 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Greece: road diesel supply | 24,322 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Greece: road diesel supply | 6,412 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Greece: road diesel supply | 4,230 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Greece: road diesel supply | 2,770 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 220,492 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 170,266 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 131,967 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 94,213 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 46,716 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 27,671 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 24,322 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 20,396 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 15,310 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 15,199 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 13,882 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 4,230 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,191 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 2,770 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 892 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 742 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 627 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 492 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 468 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (46,716 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (24,322 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (15,199 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (492 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.