Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Greece's road diesel supply was 708 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (38%), Kazakhstan (20%) and Libya (11%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq271 kt (est. 38%)Kazakhstan142 kt (est. 20%)Libya78 kt (est. 11%)Egypt31 kt (est. 4%)Norway31 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 4%)Brazil14 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (9%)Greece: crude origin not reported14 kt (2%)Turkmenistan: no crude data10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)630 kt (89%)United Arab Emirates62 kt (9%)Turkmenistan10 kt (1%)Netherlands3.0 kt (<1%)Israel2.9 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply708 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Turkmenistan
- Netherlands
- Israel
- Iraq271 kt (est. 38%)
- Kazakhstan142 kt (est. 20%)
- Libya78 kt (est. 11%)
- Egypt31 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway31 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil14 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (9%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported14 kt (2%)
- Turkmenistan: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
2.9 thousand tonnes
<1% of Greece's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel2.9 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 629,952 | 89.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece: road diesel supply | 62,101 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Turkmenistan | Greece: road diesel supply | 10,139 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Greece: road diesel supply | 2,998 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Greece: road diesel supply | 2,939 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 270,402 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 141,509 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 78,220 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 62,101 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 31,042 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 30,088 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 26,467 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 24,275 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Greece (own refineries) | 14,054 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 13,896 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Turkmenistan: no crude data | Turkmenistan | 10,139 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 2,939 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,728 | 57.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 523 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 313 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 185 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 105 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 72 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 48 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 24 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (62,101 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (13,896 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Turkmenistan: no crude data (10,139 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,939 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (72 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (24 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.