Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Greece's road diesel supply was 714 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (44%), Kazakhstan (16%) and Libya (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq310 kt (est. 44%)Kazakhstan113 kt (est. 16%)Libya78 kt (est. 11%)Egypt31 kt (est. 4%)Norway30 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 4%)United States14 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data35 kt (5%)Greece: crude origin not reported28 kt (4%)Kazakhstan: no crude data18 kt (2%)Greece (own refineries)661 kt (93%)United Arab Emirates35 kt (5%)Kazakhstan18 kt (2%)Greece: road diesel supply714 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Kazakhstan
- Iraq310 kt (est. 44%)
- Kazakhstan113 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya78 kt (est. 11%)
- Egypt31 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway30 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 4%)
- United States14 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data35 kt (5%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported28 kt (4%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data18 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2023)
14.1 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported14 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)14 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 660,884 | 92.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece: road diesel supply | 35,055 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece: road diesel supply | 17,753 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 310,488 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 113,238 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 78,287 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 35,055 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 31,085 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 30,136 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 28,965 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 28,073 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 26,493 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 17,753 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Greece (own refineries) | 14,118 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (35,055 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (28,073 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (17,753 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.