Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Greece's road diesel supply was 699 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (37%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Libya (10%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq259 kt (est. 37%)Kazakhstan103 kt (est. 15%)Libya69 kt (est. 10%)United States31 kt (est. 4%)Egypt28 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia24 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins30 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data37 kt (5%)Kazakhstan: no crude data30 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data30 kt (4%)Greece: crude not from imports27 kt (4%)Greece: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.8 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)601 kt (86%)Saudi Arabia37 kt (5%)Kazakhstan30 kt (4%)United Kingdom30 kt (4%)Israel0.8 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply699 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kazakhstan
- United Kingdom
- Israel
- Iraq259 kt (est. 37%)
- Kazakhstan103 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya69 kt (est. 10%)
- United States31 kt (est. 4%)
- Egypt28 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia24 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins30 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data37 kt (5%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude not from imports27 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2023)
31.2 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Greece's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported31 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece (own refineries)31 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 600,588 | 86.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: road diesel supply | 36,856 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece: road diesel supply | 30,486 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 29,797 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Greece: road diesel supply | 805 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 259,217 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 103,079 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 69,078 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 36,856 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Greece (own refineries) | 31,197 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 30,486 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 30,214 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 29,797 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 28,102 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 26,601 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 23,890 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 16,429 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 12,780 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 805 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (36,856 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (30,486 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (29,797 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (26,601 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (12,780 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (805 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.