Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Greece's jet fuel supply was 295 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports from Kuwait (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (33%), Kazakhstan (22%) and Libya (9%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq96 kt (est. 33%)Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 22%)Libya26 kt (est. 9%)Egypt14 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan12 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 4%)United Arab Emirates3.8 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. 1%)Kuwait: no crude data64 kt (22%)Greece (own refineries)231 kt (78%)Kuwait64 kt (22%)Greece: jet fuel supply295 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Kuwait
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: jet fuel supply | 230,593 | 78.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Greece: jet fuel supply | 63,929 | 21.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 95,946 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 63,929 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 63,696 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 26,283 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 13,514 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 11,699 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 11,513 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 4,144 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece (own refineries) | 3,797 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (63,929 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.