Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Greece's petrol supply was 560 kt: 99% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (41%), Kazakhstan (27%) and Libya (11%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq230 kt (est. 41%)Kazakhstan153 kt (est. 27%)Libya63 kt (est. 11%)Egypt32 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 5%)United Arab Emirates9.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 2%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)552 kt (99%)Israel4.4 kt (<1%)Spain3.9 kt (<1%)Greece: petrol supply560 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Israel
- Spain
- Iraq230 kt (est. 41%)
- Kazakhstan153 kt (est. 27%)
- Libya63 kt (est. 11%)
- Egypt32 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 5%)
- United Arab Emirates9.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: petrol supply | 552,065 | 98.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Israel | Greece: petrol supply | 4,444 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Greece: petrol supply | 3,922 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 229,705 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 152,495 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 62,925 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 32,354 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 28,009 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 27,564 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 9,922 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece (own refineries) | 9,090 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 4,444 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,741 | 69.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 288 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 282 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 265 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 185 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 89 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 37 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 35 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,444 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (37 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (35 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.