Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Greece's petrol supply was 454 kt: 99% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (43%), Kazakhstan (22%) and Libya (12%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq194 kt (est. 43%)Kazakhstan101 kt (est. 22%)Libya56 kt (est. 12%)Egypt22 kt (est. 5%)Norway22 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia19 kt (est. 4%)Brazil10 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)Greece: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)451 kt (99%)Israel3.4 kt (<1%)Greece: petrol supply454 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Israel
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: petrol supply | 450,830 | 99.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Israel | Greece: petrol supply | 3,363 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 193,516 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 101,272 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 55,978 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 22,215 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 21,533 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 18,941 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 17,373 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Greece (own refineries) | 10,058 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 9,945 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 3,363 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Greece: crude origin not reported (9,945 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,363 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.