Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Greece's petrol supply was 537 kt: 100% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (43%), Kazakhstan (17%) and Libya (11%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq232 kt (est. 43%)Kazakhstan92 kt (est. 17%)Libya62 kt (est. 11%)United States28 kt (est. 5%)Egypt25 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins27 kt (est. 5%)Greece: crude not from imports24 kt (4%)Greece: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.5 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)537 kt (100%)Israel0.5 kt (<1%)Greece: petrol supply537 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Israel
- Iraq232 kt (est. 43%)
- Kazakhstan92 kt (est. 17%)
- Libya62 kt (est. 11%)
- United States28 kt (est. 5%)
- Egypt25 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins27 kt (est. 5%)
- Greece: crude not from imports24 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: petrol supply | 536,757 | 99.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 231,667 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 92,124 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 61,736 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece (own refineries) | 27,881 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 27,003 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 25,115 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 23,774 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 21,351 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 14,683 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 11,422 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 522 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Greece: crude not from imports (23,774 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (11,422 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (522 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.