Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 738 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (29%), Kazakhstan (22%) and Libya (12%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq216 kt (est. 29%)Kazakhstan160 kt (est. 22%)Libya86 kt (est. 12%)Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 7%)Norway45 kt (est. 6%)Egypt32 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins4.8 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data45 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data36 kt (5%)Egypt: no crude data33 kt (4%)Greece: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)601 kt (81%)Saudi Arabia45 kt (6%)United Kingdom36 kt (5%)Egypt33 kt (4%)Italy13 kt (2%)Romania9.5 kt (1%)Greece: road diesel supply738 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United Kingdom
- Egypt
- Italy
- Romania
- Iraq216 kt (est. 29%)
- Kazakhstan160 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya86 kt (est. 12%)
- Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway45 kt (est. 6%)
- Egypt32 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins4.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data45 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data36 kt (5%)
- Egypt: no crude data33 kt (4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 601,146 | 81.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: road diesel supply | 44,828 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 36,309 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Greece: road diesel supply | 32,818 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Greece: road diesel supply | 13,188 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Greece: road diesel supply | 9,513 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 214,348 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 153,748 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 83,208 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 52,359 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 44,828 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 44,346 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 36,309 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 32,818 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 31,528 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 14,099 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 7,510 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 4,053 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 3,927 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,161 | 22.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,050 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,833 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,752 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,237 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,140 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 922 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 824 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 756 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 629 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 485 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Greece split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 439 | 4.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 292 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 127 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt | Italy | 74 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (44,828 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (36,309 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (32,818 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (7,510 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,301 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (566 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.