Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Greece's jet fuel supply was 310 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports from Saudi Arabia (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (28%), Kazakhstan (20%) and Libya (11%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq87 kt (est. 28%)Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 20%)Libya34 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 7%)Norway18 kt (est. 6%)Egypt13 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan5.7 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (21%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)245 kt (79%)Saudi Arabia65 kt (21%)Greece: jet fuel supply310 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: jet fuel supply | 244,978 | 79.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: jet fuel supply | 64,777 | 20.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 87,351 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 64,777 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 62,655 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 33,909 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 21,337 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 18,072 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 12,848 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 5,746 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 3,061 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (64,777 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,061 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.