Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Greece's jet fuel supply was 187 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), Iraq (22%) and Libya (18%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan52 kt (est. 28%)Iraq41 kt (est. 22%)Libya34 kt (est. 18%)Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 8%)Norway12 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan8.8 kt (est. 5%)Egypt7.2 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 4%)Greece: crude origin not reported5.3 kt (3%)Greece: crude not from imports2.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)180 kt (96%)Netherlands6.6 kt (4%)Greece: jet fuel supply187 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kazakhstan52 kt (est. 28%)
- Iraq41 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 18%)
- Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway12 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan8.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Egypt7.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported5.3 kt (3%)
- Greece: crude not from imports2.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: jet fuel supply | 180,493 | 96.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Greece: jet fuel supply | 6,615 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 51,633 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 39,931 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 33,780 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 15,592 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 10,837 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 8,801 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 7,238 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 5,251 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 4,640 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,396 | 51.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 2,791 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,021 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 591 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 581 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 398 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 371 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 160 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 96 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Greece: crude origin not reported (5,251 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Greece: crude not from imports (2,791 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (398 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (371 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.