Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Greece's jet fuel supply was 275 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (12%) and Kuwait (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (22%), Kazakhstan (19%) and Libya (11%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq61 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 19%)Libya30 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 8%)Norway8.1 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan7.0 kt (est. 3%)Egypt6.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins6.7 kt (est. 2%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data33 kt (12%)Kuwait: no crude data32 kt (12%)Greece: crude not from imports13 kt (5%)Libya: no crude data5.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)201 kt (73%)United Arab Emirates33 kt (12%)Kuwait32 kt (12%)Libya5.5 kt (2%)Netherlands3.4 kt (1%)Greece: jet fuel supply275 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Libya
- Netherlands
- Iraq61 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 19%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway8.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan7.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Egypt6.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins6.7 kt (est. 2%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data33 kt (12%)
- Kuwait: no crude data32 kt (12%)
- Greece: crude not from imports13 kt (5%)
- Libya: no crude data5.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: jet fuel supply | 201,482 | 73.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Greece: jet fuel supply | 32,538 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Greece: jet fuel supply | 31,992 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Greece: jet fuel supply | 5,496 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Greece: jet fuel supply | 3,429 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 60,661 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 50,669 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 32,538 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 31,992 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 29,971 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 21,391 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 13,124 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 7,485 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 7,008 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 6,158 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 5,496 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 5,014 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,653 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 652 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 522 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 277 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 206 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 77 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 42 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Greece split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (32,538 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (31,992 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (13,124 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Libya: no crude data (5,496 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (206 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.