Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Greece's jet fuel supply was 397 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (16%), Kuwait (12%) and Türkiye (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (20%), Kazakhstan (19%) and Libya (9%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq78 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 19%)Libya35 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia24 kt (est. 6%)Norway18 kt (est. 4%)Egypt6.9 kt (est. 2%)Canada6.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins7.8 kt (est. 2%)India: no crude data64 kt (16%)Kuwait: no crude data48 kt (12%)Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data5.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)240 kt (60%)India64 kt (16%)Kuwait48 kt (12%)Türkiye28 kt (7%)Spain9.3 kt (2%)Egypt5.2 kt (1%)Belgium3.1 kt (<1%)Greece: jet fuel supply397 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Iraq78 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 19%)
- Libya35 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia24 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway18 kt (est. 4%)
- Egypt6.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Canada6.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins7.8 kt (est. 2%)
- India: no crude data64 kt (16%)
- Kuwait: no crude data48 kt (12%)
- Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data5.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: jet fuel supply | 239,765 | 60.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Greece: jet fuel supply | 64,116 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Greece: jet fuel supply | 47,893 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Greece: jet fuel supply | 27,637 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Greece: jet fuel supply | 9,277 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Greece: jet fuel supply | 5,179 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Greece: jet fuel supply | 3,056 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 77,958 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 74,631 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 64,116 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 47,893 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 33,945 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 27,637 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 23,766 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 16,893 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 6,905 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6,411 | 69.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Greece (own refineries) | 5,667 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 5,179 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,423 | 46.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 817 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 733 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 542 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 527 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 514 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 470 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 333 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 202 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 114 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 96 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 63 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 43 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 43 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Greece split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (64,116 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (47,893 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (27,637 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (5,179 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (114 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (43 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.