Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Greece's petrol supply was 531 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports from Italy (6%) and Bulgaria (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (29%), Kazakhstan (28%) and Libya (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq154 kt (est. 29%)Kazakhstan151 kt (est. 28%)Libya73 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 9%)Norway33 kt (est. 6%)Egypt14 kt (est. 3%)Canada11 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)470 kt (89%)Italy31 kt (6%)Bulgaria30 kt (6%)Greece: petrol supply531 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Italy
- Bulgaria
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: petrol supply | 470,193 | 88.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Greece: petrol supply | 31,010 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Greece: petrol supply | 30,028 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 152,881 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 146,356 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 66,568 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 46,606 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 33,127 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 29,527 | 98.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 13,542 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 12,250 | 39.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Greece (own refineries) | 11,113 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,108 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,673 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,866 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,603 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,595 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Italy | 553 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 501 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 195 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Italy | 168 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of petrol in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (29,527 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,367 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.