Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Greece's jet fuel supply was 373 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (28%), Kazakhstan (23%) and Libya (14%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq104 kt (est. 28%)Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 23%)Libya51 kt (est. 14%)Norway28 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia24 kt (est. 6%)Egypt16 kt (est. 4%)United States0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. <1%)Kuwait: no crude data60 kt (16%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)309 kt (83%)Kuwait60 kt (16%)Spain3.4 kt (<1%)Greece: jet fuel supply373 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Spain
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: jet fuel supply | 309,434 | 83.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Greece: jet fuel supply | 59,758 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Greece: jet fuel supply | 3,427 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 103,811 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 87,026 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 59,758 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 51,186 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 28,067 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 23,548 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 15,795 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,031 | 59.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 538 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 299 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 212 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 147 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 130 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 42 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Greece split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 28 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (59,758 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (28 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.