Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Greece's road diesel supply was 743 kt: 90% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (31%), Kazakhstan (20%) and Libya (15%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq231 kt (est. 31%)Kazakhstan150 kt (est. 20%)Libya110 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia59 kt (est. 8%)Norway49 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan31 kt (est. 4%)Egypt21 kt (est. 3%)Morocco: no crude data30 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data24 kt (3%)India: no crude data18 kt (2%)Greece: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)668 kt (90%)Morocco30 kt (4%)United Kingdom24 kt (3%)India18 kt (2%)Switzerland3.4 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply743 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Morocco
- United Kingdom
- India
- Switzerland
- Iraq231 kt (est. 31%)
- Kazakhstan150 kt (est. 20%)
- Libya110 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabia59 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway49 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan31 kt (est. 4%)
- Egypt21 kt (est. 3%)
- Morocco: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data24 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 667,808 | 89.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Morocco | Greece: road diesel supply | 29,946 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 24,017 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Greece: road diesel supply | 17,997 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Greece: road diesel supply | 3,391 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 230,924 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 150,273 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 109,896 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 58,621 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 48,617 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 30,668 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 29,946 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 24,017 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 20,898 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 17,997 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 16,332 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 3,391 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece (own refineries) | 1,579 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Morocco: no crude data (29,946 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (24,017 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (17,997 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (16,332 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,391 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,579 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.