Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Greece's petrol supply was 322 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports from Italy (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (35%), Libya (18%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq111 kt (est. 35%)Libya59 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan49 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 11%)Norway30 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 6%)Guyana6.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins9.7 kt (est. 3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)294 kt (91%)Italy28 kt (9%)Greece: petrol supply322 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- Italy
- Iraq111 kt (est. 35%)
- Libya59 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan49 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway30 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana6.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins9.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: petrol supply | 293,755 | 91.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Greece: petrol supply | 28,077 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 109,726 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 51,401 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 46,057 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 32,113 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 29,135 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece (own refineries) | 15,606 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,618 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Greece (own refineries) | 6,727 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,675 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,003 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece (own refineries) | 2,990 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,794 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,556 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,863 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,729 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 558 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 281 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of petrol in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,863 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (281 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.